Effectiveness of Online Gambling Law Enforcement in Indonesia Under the National Criminal Code: A Sociology of Law Perspective
Keywords:
Digital Gambling, Law Enforcement, Legal Awareness, National Criminal Code, Sociology of Law.Abstract
Online gambling remains a significant legal and social challenge in Indonesia despite criminal prohibitions, digital-content restrictions, and investigative interventions. This study examined online gambling law enforcement following the implementation of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code and Law Number 1 of 2026 concerning Criminal Adjustment. A normative juridical design integrated statutory interpretation, conceptual analysis, and a sociology-of-law approach using legislation, scholarly literature, and official institutional publications. The analysis applied Soerjono Soekanto’s five factors: legal substance, enforcement personnel, supporting facilities, society, and legal culture. Articles 426 and 427 provide differentiated legal grounds for prosecuting unauthorized gambling organizers and participants. Documentary evidence showed financial transaction monitoring, digital-content restrictions, and case processing across the observation period. However, these activities did not establish sustained reductions in gambling participation or demonstrate a causal effect of the legislative transition. Cross-border networks, adaptable digital infrastructure, financial intermediaries, institutional constraints, limited legal awareness, and gambling normalization complicate implementation. Effective enforcement requires coordinated investigations targeting operators and financial flows, stronger digital forensic capacity, interagency cooperation, and accessible legal and financial education. Community-based prevention should complement criminal sanctions. The findings support an integrated enforcement framework while emphasizing the need for empirical assessments of compliance and long-term outcomes
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