Dual Labour Market Theory Dalam Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang: Analisis Penempatan Pekerja Migran Indonesia Program Specified Skilled Worker 2019-2024
Keywords:
Specified Skilled Worker, Indonesian Migrant Workers, Dual Labour Market Theory, Labour Migration, JapanAbstract
This study analyzes the placement of Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) through the Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) programme in Japan during 2019–2024 using Michael J. Piore’s Dual Labour Market Theory. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach and library research method based on secondary data from academic literature, government publications, policy documents, and official statistics from Indonesia and Japan. The findings indicate that PMI placement increased substantially from 3,061 workers in 2019 to 44,298 workers in 2024, following a temporary decline during the COVID-19 period. In 2024, Indonesian workers were concentrated in elderly care, food and beverage processing, agriculture, industrial manufacturing, construction, and fisheries. These sectors share characteristics associated with the secondary labour market, including labour shortages, demanding working conditions, and relatively limited attractiveness to domestic workers. Japan’s ageing population and declining working-age population contributed to persistent structural labour demand, while Indonesia provided a significant supply of workers through bilateral labour cooperation. The findings support the applicability of Dual Labour Market Theory in explaining PMI placement through SSW as a structural response to labour shortages in Japan.
Downloads
References
Alnoth, Z. C. N. (2024). Kerja sama Indonesia-Jerman melalui program Ausbildung dalam bidang pendidikan vokasi. SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 3(6), 2997–3012. https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v3i6.1960
Betts, A., & Geiger, M. (Eds.). (2022). Migration governance. Springer.
Budianto, F. (2023). Welcoming the opportunities: Deciphering contemporary mobility of Indonesian professionals to Japan. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v7n2.13
Desyana, A., & Jatmika, S. (2023). Japan-Indonesia cooperation in dealing with the labour crisis in Japan. Proceedings University of Muhammadiyah.
Goodman, R., White, G., & Kwon, H. (1998). Family and social policy in Japan: Anthropological approaches. Cambridge University Press.
Higuchi, N. (2025). What is new about Japan's new migration policy? From recruitment of “nonlabor” workers to selection by neoliberal meritocracy. Social Science Japan Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyae011
Immigration Services Agency of Japan. (2024). Publication of statistics on foreign nationals with specified skilled worker residence status. https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/applications/ssw/nyuukokukanri07_00215.html
Immigration Services Agency of Japan. (2024). Support website for the specified skilled worker program. https://www.ssw.go.jp/en/
Iskandar, K. (2020). Japan aging issues, long term care insurance (LTCI) and the migration of Indonesian nurse to enter Japan labor market. Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/jsgs.v2i2.1020
Kato, R. K. T. (2012). Good jobs, bad jobs, and the Great Recession: Lessons from Japan's lost decade. IZA.
Kementerian Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia/Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia. (2024). Kementerian Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia/Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia. https://www.kp2mi.go.id/
Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2012). Power and interdependence. Pearson.
Massey, D. S. (1998). Worlds in motion: Understanding international migration at the end of the millennium. Oxford University Press. 10.2307/3594080
Piore, M. J. (1979). Birds of passage: Migrant labor and industrial societies. Cambridge University Press.
Rolasta, M., & Hoesin, S. H. (2022). Perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja migran Indonesia di Jepang (analisis peran BP2MI pada program G to G). Palar (Pakuan Law Review), 8, 253–261. https://doi.org/10.33751/palar.v8i1.4789
Srimulyani, T. R. P., & N. E. (2024). Strategi adaptasi pekerja Tokutei Ginou Indonesia: Studi kasus industri perhotelan Hokkaido. Japanology, 11(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.20473/jjs.v11i1.52250
Sudiantini, D., & Kustiawan, S. (2024). Generasi emas: Peran lansia di atas 70 tahun dalam dunia kerja Jepang yang unik dan dinamis. EKOMA: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Akuntansi, 4(1), 1975–1982. https://doi.org/10.56799/ekoma.v4i1.6088
Sumiati, E. (2022). Indonesia-Japan cooperation in labour migration to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian migrant. Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(8), 1022–1030. https://doi.org/10.55324/iss.v1i8.190
Suryadi. (2019). Memanfaatkan keahlian dan pengalaman lansia untuk tetap bekerja: Studi kasus pada negara Jepang. Sains Manajemen, 5(2), 196–211. https://doi.org/10.30656/sm.v5i2.1864
Syuhaimi, A., Tarigan, D. H., & Ulung, A. K. (2025). Peluang dan tantangan program nurse and careworker dalam Indonesia Japan Economic Partnership Agreement pada 2019–2023. Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Keimigrasian. 10.52617/jikk.v8i1.675
Tombalisa, E., Fathurachmi, E., & Wirawan, R. (2019). Kerjasama Jepang dan Indonesia di bidang ketenagakerjaan dalam program Tokutei Ginou tahun 2019. Journal of International Studies, 3(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.54144/ijis.v3i2.56
Widarahesty, Y. (2024). Indonesian Muslim migrant workers' experiences in Japan. Jurnal Global & Strategis. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JGS/article/view/55941/30173
Yuko Hirano, Reiko Ogawa, & Shun Ohno. (2012). A comparative study of Filipino and Indonesian candidates for registered nurse and certified care worker coming to Japan under Economic Partnership Agreements: An analysis of the results of questionnaire surveys on the socioeconomic attribution of the respondents. Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 49(4), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.20495/tak.49.4_594
