Formative Assessment for Improving Learning Outcomes and Self-Regulated Learning: A Systematic Literature Review
Keywords:
Formative Assessment; Learning Outcomes; Self-Regulated Learning; Feedback; Learning Analytics.Abstract
Purpose This study examines the role of formative assessment in improving learning outcomes and self-regulated learning across diverse educational contexts. Despite extensive research, evidence remains fragmented across educational levels and technology-enhanced learning environments. This review synthesizes recent findings on the educational impact, implementation, and emerging trends of formative assessment.
Methods A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following the PRISMA framework. Fifty peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2022 and 2026 were selected through a structured identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion process. The selected studies were analyzed using evidence mapping and thematic synthesis to identify recurring themes and research trends.
Findings Four major themes emerged: formative assessment as a pedagogical strategy, feedback as the primary mechanism for self-regulated learning, educational outcomes, and technology-enhanced assessment. Formative assessment consistently improved academic achievement, learner engagement, critical thinking, motivation, and learner autonomy through continuous feedback and reflective learning. Recent studies also demonstrated the increasing integration of learning analytics, digital feedback platforms, and artificial intelligence to support personalized and adaptive assessment. However, technological dependence, algorithmic bias, and ethical implementation remain important challenges.
Research Implications The findings emphasize the need to strengthen assessment literacy, feedback quality, and responsible technology integration to maximize formative assessment in learner-centered education.
Originality This review provides an updated synthesis of formative assessment research published between 2022 and 2026 by integrating evidence on learning outcomes, self-regulated learning, and technology-enhanced assessment across diverse educational settings.
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References
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