Analysis of Parking Fee System Management at The Tegal Regency Transportation Agency to Increase Local Revenue
Keywords:
parking levy, parking management, local own-source revenue, digital payment, transportation agencyAbstract
This study analyzes the management of the parking levy system at the Tegal Regency Transportation Agency and evaluates its effectiveness in increasing Local Own-Source Revenue. A descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach was applied using observation, interviews, documentation, and secondary revenue data for 2022–2024. The findings show that parking levy administration has shifted gradually from conventional collection toward digital management through APIKEPOL and DUTA Laku Pandai Bank Jateng. The system improves transaction recording and payment traceability, but revenue performance remains below the established targets. Parking levy realization reached 49.04% in 2022, 48.01% in 2023, and 46.82% in 2024, indicating a continuing decline in collection effectiveness. The main constraints include limited field supervision, uneven compliance among parking attendants, incomplete control of parking locations, and insufficient integration between field collection and digital payment administration. Strengthening transaction digitalization, parking-point verification, human resource capacity, supervision, tariff evaluation, and institutional accountability is therefore necessary to improve revenue collection. Effective integration of these measures can strengthen parking levy governance and increase its contribution to regional fiscal capacity.
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References
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Albalate, D., & Gragera, A. (2022). Misinformation and misperception in the market for parking. Travel Behaviour and Society, 28, 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.03.005
Algadri, H., Manan, A., & Fatimah, S. (2022). Analisis efektivitas pajak parkir dan retribusi parkir serta kontribusinya terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Mataram tahun 2017–2021. Jurnal Aplikasi Perpajakan, 3(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.29303/jap.v3i2.48
Bahrami, S., & Roorda, M. J. (2022). Autonomous vehicle parking policies: A case study of the City of Toronto. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 155, 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.003
Ben-Dor, G., Ogulenko, A., Klein, I., & Benenson, I. (2022). Modeling the effect of congestion charge and parking pricing on urban traffic: Example of Jerusalem. AGILE: GIScience Series, 3, 26. https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-26-2022
Brudner, A. (2023). On the management of residential on-street parking: Policies and repercussions. Transport Policy, 138, 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.05.002
Chai, H., Rodier, C. J., Song, J. W., Zhang, M. H., & Jaller, M. (2023). The impacts of automated vehicles on center city parking. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 175, 103764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103764
Channamallu, S. S., Kermanshachi, S., Rosenberger, J. M., & Pamidimukkala, A. (2023). A review of smart parking systems. Transportation Research Procedia, 73, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.920
Dahiya, A., Mittal, P., Sharma, Y. K., Lilhore, U. K., Simaiya, S., Ghith, E., & Tlija, M. (2024). Machine learning-based prediction of parking space availability in IoT-enabled smart parking management systems. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2024, 8474973. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8474973
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Geva, S., Fulman, N., & Ben-Elia, E. (2022). Getting the prices right: Drivers’ cruising choices in a serious parking game. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 165, 54–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.08.018
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González, J. N., Gómez, J., & Vassallo, J. M. (2023). Are low emission zones and on-street parking management effective in reducing parking demand for most polluting vehicles and promoting greener ones? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 176, 103813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103813
Gössling, S., Humpe, A., Hologa, R., Riach, N., & Freytag, T. (2022). Parking violations as an economic gamble for public space. Transport Policy, 116, 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.12.010
Johansson, F., Åkerman, J., Henriksson, G., & Envall, P. (2022). A pathway for parking in line with the Paris Agreement. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(2), 1223–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.04.008
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Kadusic, E., Zivic, N., Ruland, C., & Hadzajlic, N. (2022). A smart parking solution by integrating NB-IoT radio communication technology into the core IoT platform. Future Internet, 14(8), 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080219
Liu, J., Ma, W., & Qian, S. (2023). Optimal curbside pricing for managing ride-hailing pick-ups and drop-offs. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 146, 103960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103960
M. Gelar, S. Ekonomi, P. S. Ekonomi, and I. Oktarina, “No Title,” 2010.
Magsino, E. R., Arada, G. P., & Ramos, C. L. (2022). An evaluation of temporal- and spatial-based dynamic parking pricing for commercial establishments. IEEE Access, 10, 102724–102736. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3209806
Mingardo, G., Vermeulen, S., & Bornioli, A. (2022). Parking pricing strategies and behaviour: Evidence from the Netherlands. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 157, 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.01.005
Nguyen, V. L., Hoang, T. L., & Vu, A. T. (2023). Towards smart parking management: Econometric analysis and modeling of public-parking-choice behavior in three cities of Binh Duong, Vietnam. Sustainability, 15(24), 16936. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416936
Ogulenko, A., Benenson, I., & Fulman, N. (2022). The nature of the on-street parking search. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 166, 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2022.10.007
Parmar, J., Saiyed, G., & Dave, S. (2023). Analysis of taste heterogeneity in commuters’ travel decisions using joint parking- and mode-choice model: A case from urban India. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 170, 103610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103610
Pavlek, H., Slavulj, M., Ivanković, B., & Vidan, L. (2025). Model for determining parking demand using simulation-based pricing. Applied Sciences, 15(12), 6603. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126603
Rodríguez, A., Cordera, R., Alonso, B., dell’Olio, L., & Benavente, J. (2022). Microsimulation parking choice and search model to assess dynamic pricing scenarios. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 156, 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.12.013
Sulastiningsih, Setyowati, H., Puteh, M.-O., & Saputri, Y. E. (2023). Kontribusi retribusi parkir terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Pemerintah Kabupaten Pacitan. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Bisnis Indonesia, 3(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.32477/jrabi.v3i1.552
T. J. Umum, R. Pengujian, K. Bermotor, and D. A. N. Retribusi, “Universitas islam sultan agung fakultas ekonomi program studi akuntansi semarang 2022,” 2022.
Tiara, J. E., Virda, D., & Wisudawanto, F. (2024). Evaluasi kinerja parkir on street di Kota Cilegon dalam rangka peningkatan retribusi parkir. Jurnal Keselamatan Transportasi Jalan (Indonesian Journal of Road Safety), 11(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.46447/ktj.v11i2.619
Xiao, H., Xu, M., & Wang, S. (2024). Auction-based parking mechanisms considering withdrawal behaviors. Transport Policy, 147, 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.12.010
Xie, M., Wang, H., Gao, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023). A rolling-horizon framework for managing shared parking and electric vehicle charging. Sustainable Cities and Society, 98, 104810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104810
Y. G. Saputra, S. Tinggi, and I. Ekonomi, “Analisis pengelolaan retribusi parkir pada dinas perhubungan kota tanjungpinang,” 2021.
Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Yan, S., Xie, M., & Wang, Y. (2025). Parking pricing strategies in the era of autonomous vehicles. Transport Policy, 166, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.03.003
Zhou, X., Lv, M., Ji, Y., Zhang, S., & Liu, Y. (2023). Pricing curb parking: Differentiated parking fees or cash rewards? Transport Policy, 142, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.08.005
A. SHELEMO, “No Titleیلیب,” Nucl. Phys., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 104–116, 2023.
Albalate, D., & Gragera, A. (2022). Misinformation and misperception in the market for parking. Travel Behaviour and Society, 28, 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.03.005
Algadri, H., Manan, A., & Fatimah, S. (2022). Analisis efektivitas pajak parkir dan retribusi parkir serta kontribusinya terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Mataram tahun 2017–2021. Jurnal Aplikasi Perpajakan, 3(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.29303/jap.v3i2.48
Bahrami, S., & Roorda, M. J. (2022). Autonomous vehicle parking policies: A case study of the City of Toronto. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 155, 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.003
Ben-Dor, G., Ogulenko, A., Klein, I., & Benenson, I. (2022). Modeling the effect of congestion charge and parking pricing on urban traffic: Example of Jerusalem. AGILE: GIScience Series, 3, 26. https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-26-2022
Brudner, A. (2023). On the management of residential on-street parking: Policies and repercussions. Transport Policy, 138, 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.05.002
Chai, H., Rodier, C. J., Song, J. W., Zhang, M. H., & Jaller, M. (2023). The impacts of automated vehicles on center city parking. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 175, 103764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103764
Channamallu, S. S., Kermanshachi, S., Rosenberger, J. M., & Pamidimukkala, A. (2023). A review of smart parking systems. Transportation Research Procedia, 73, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.920
Dahiya, A., Mittal, P., Sharma, Y. K., Lilhore, U. K., Simaiya, S., Ghith, E., & Tlija, M. (2024). Machine learning-based prediction of parking space availability in IoT-enabled smart parking management systems. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2024, 8474973. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8474973
Gao, J., Zuo, F., Ozbay, K., Hammami, O., & Barlas, M. L. (2022). A new curb lane monitoring and illegal parking impact estimation approach based on queueing theory and computer vision for cameras with low resolution and low frame rate. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 162, 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.05.024
Geva, S., Fulman, N., & Ben-Elia, E. (2022). Getting the prices right: Drivers’ cruising choices in a serious parking game. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 165, 54–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.08.018
González Sarmiento, J. N., Gómez Sánchez, J., & Vassallo Magro, J. M. (2022). Do urban parking restrictions and low emission zones encourage a greener mobility? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 107, 103319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103319
González, J. N., Gómez, J., & Vassallo, J. M. (2023). Are low emission zones and on-street parking management effective in reducing parking demand for most polluting vehicles and promoting greener ones? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 176, 103813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103813
Gössling, S., Humpe, A., Hologa, R., Riach, N., & Freytag, T. (2022). Parking violations as an economic gamble for public space. Transport Policy, 116, 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.12.010
Johansson, F., Åkerman, J., Henriksson, G., & Envall, P. (2022). A pathway for parking in line with the Paris Agreement. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(2), 1223–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.04.008
Juita, F. H. (2024). Implementasi kebijakan retribusi parkir dalam upaya meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Manggarai Barat. Akuntansi Prima, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.34012/japri.v6i1.4875
Kadusic, E., Zivic, N., Ruland, C., & Hadzajlic, N. (2022). A smart parking solution by integrating NB-IoT radio communication technology into the core IoT platform. Future Internet, 14(8), 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080219
Liu, J., Ma, W., & Qian, S. (2023). Optimal curbside pricing for managing ride-hailing pick-ups and drop-offs. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 146, 103960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103960
M. Gelar, S. Ekonomi, P. S. Ekonomi, and I. Oktarina, “No Title,” 2010.
Magsino, E. R., Arada, G. P., & Ramos, C. L. (2022). An evaluation of temporal- and spatial-based dynamic parking pricing for commercial establishments. IEEE Access, 10, 102724–102736. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3209806
Mingardo, G., Vermeulen, S., & Bornioli, A. (2022). Parking pricing strategies and behaviour: Evidence from the Netherlands. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 157, 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.01.005
Nguyen, V. L., Hoang, T. L., & Vu, A. T. (2023). Towards smart parking management: Econometric analysis and modeling of public-parking-choice behavior in three cities of Binh Duong, Vietnam. Sustainability, 15(24), 16936. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416936
Ogulenko, A., Benenson, I., & Fulman, N. (2022). The nature of the on-street parking search. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 166, 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2022.10.007
Parmar, J., Saiyed, G., & Dave, S. (2023). Analysis of taste heterogeneity in commuters’ travel decisions using joint parking- and mode-choice model: A case from urban India. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 170, 103610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103610
Pavlek, H., Slavulj, M., Ivanković, B., & Vidan, L. (2025). Model for determining parking demand using simulation-based pricing. Applied Sciences, 15(12), 6603. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126603
Rodríguez, A., Cordera, R., Alonso, B., dell’Olio, L., & Benavente, J. (2022). Microsimulation parking choice and search model to assess dynamic pricing scenarios. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 156, 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.12.013
Sulastiningsih, Setyowati, H., Puteh, M.-O., & Saputri, Y. E. (2023). Kontribusi retribusi parkir terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Pemerintah Kabupaten Pacitan. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Bisnis Indonesia, 3(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.32477/jrabi.v3i1.552
T. J. Umum, R. Pengujian, K. Bermotor, and D. A. N. Retribusi, “Universitas islam sultan agung fakultas ekonomi program studi akuntansi semarang 2022,” 2022.
Tiara, J. E., Virda, D., & Wisudawanto, F. (2024). Evaluasi kinerja parkir on street di Kota Cilegon dalam rangka peningkatan retribusi parkir. Jurnal Keselamatan Transportasi Jalan (Indonesian Journal of Road Safety), 11(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.46447/ktj.v11i2.619
Xiao, H., Xu, M., & Wang, S. (2024). Auction-based parking mechanisms considering withdrawal behaviors. Transport Policy, 147, 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.12.010
Xie, M., Wang, H., Gao, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023). A rolling-horizon framework for managing shared parking and electric vehicle charging. Sustainable Cities and Society, 98, 104810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104810
Y. G. Saputra, S. Tinggi, and I. Ekonomi, “Analisis pengelolaan retribusi parkir pada dinas perhubungan kota tanjungpinang,” 2021.
Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Yan, S., Xie, M., & Wang, Y. (2025). Parking pricing strategies in the era of autonomous vehicles. Transport Policy, 166, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.03.003
Zhou, X., Lv, M., Ji, Y., Zhang, S., & Liu, Y. (2023). Pricing curb parking: Differentiated parking fees or cash rewards? Transport Policy, 142, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.08.005
